We review the many causes of motion Artifacts in biopotential recording. We moved several electrode materials at several velocities in electrolytes. Artifact voltage ranged from 350 μV at 0.13% NaC1 concentration and 100 mm/s to 10 mV at 1.3% concentration and 25 mm/s. We present a theoretical model in which adsorbed ions attach to the electrode. Ions in the diffusion layer move with the electrolyte. This separation of charge causes the Artifact. A second source of motion Artifact is cable movement. This causes the polarization potential of the electrodes to have a varying attenuation because the stray capacity of the electrode varies. Experimental and theoretical Artifacts ranged from 1 to 100 mV. Artifact is reduced by using electrodes having large area, electrolytes having high concentration, amplifiers having high impedance, and preamplifiers located at the electrodes.

A 74-year-old woman was referred to the glaucoma unit for pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Upon presentation, visual acuity in both eyes was 20/30. Intraocular pressure was 18 mmHg in the right eye and 20 mmHg in the left eye with latanoprost eye drops. Ophthalmoscopy revealed a cup-disc ratio of 0.7 with superior neural rim notching in the right eye and concentric cup-disc ratio of 0.6 in the left eye. She underwent central 24-2 automated perimetry with the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HVFA II, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, USA) using the SITA-fast program. Although she was instructed before the test, she was unable to respond to the early stimuli efficiently which was reflected in lower threshold values for initial test points. The reliability indices were within normal limits except for higher than normal fixation loss. On repeat visual field testing, reliability indices were within normal limits and thresholds of the four areas with poor sensitivity improved and the Artifact disappeared (Fig. 1)….

Background/Objective: To determine the usefulness of twinkling Artifact in detecting urinary stones by sonography according to stone characteristics and sonographic features.Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 60 urinary stones which had been detected by KUB, IVP or CT scan. First of all, gray scale sonography was performed using 3.5-5 MHz phased array and data including stone size, location and posterior shadow were registered. Then, presence or absence of twinkling Artifact and its intensity with re-spect to different filters (0-3), pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) (244, 1563, and 4864 Hz), and focal zones (at the level of the stone, lower and higher) was assessed using color Doppler sonography. Finally and in the case of Artifact presence, spectral Doppler sonographywas performed. For data analysis, c2 and independent t test was used .Results: The prevalence of twinkling Artifact was 78.3%. Artifact presence in a PRF value of 1563 Hz was significantly related to the echo difference between stone and adjacent tissues (p= 0.001).Conclusion: The above findings together with the fact that twinkling Artifact was strongly present in more than half the cases, indicates the sufficiency in detecting urinary stone

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of Artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for Artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that Artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of Artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of Artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social Artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of Artifacts.

2Stone structures are susceptible to weathering and erosion over time, necessitating the identification and elimination of damaging factors to ensure their preservation. This research focused on diagnosing the damage to the tomb of Xerxes located at the historical site of Naqsh-e Rostam through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing library research, field observations, laboratory analyses, and geological studies. Petrographic studies revealed that the Rocks comprising the tomb belong to the Seruk Formation. The sedimentary sequence within this formation exhibited thick and light-colored limestone layers. Utilizing the geophysical technique of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), two major fractures were identified along the boundaries of the tomb. These fractures predominantly followed north-south and east-west orientations. The intersection of these fracture sets, combined with the layering surfaces, resulted in the development of dissolution phenomena, leading to the formation of dissolution holes and cavernous porosity on the structure. Additionally, field studies investigated the presence of plants and cyanobacterial lichens on the tomb.

The class of strong stochastic Runge{Kutta (SRK) methods for stochas-tic differential equations with a commutative noise proposed by R o ler (2010) is considered. Motivated by Komori and Burrage (2013), we design a class of explicit stochastic orthogonal Runge{Kutta Chebyshev (SRockC2) meth-ods of strong order one for the approximation of the solution of It^o SDEs with an m-dimensional commutative noise. The mean-square and asymptotic stability analysis of the newly proposed methods applied to a scalar linear test equation with a multiplicative noise is presented. Finally, some numer-ical experiments for stochastic models arising in applications are given that con rm the theoretical discussion.